Industrialisation pattern in Australia

Industrialisation pattern in Australia Much of the pattern of industrialisation in Australia was focused on unlocking the abundances of natural resources that lay in the country and using it to fuel an economic development. The pattern of industrialisation in many countries tends to begin with exploiting the inorganic sources of energy, which Australia had a certain amount of in coal. Secondly, the next requirement was for an extensive labour force which the post-war immigration programme supplied. Finally, it required a certain amount of infrastructure, which in a country as geographically vast as Australia proved to be a vital element. Following the Great Depression of the 1920s and the poor growth of the 1930s that culminated in the Second World War, the stage was set for Australia to create an economic boom that lasted through the 1960s and much of the 1970s. Japan emerged as the primary market for Australian exports, replacing Britain as the major market, and the stage seemed set for increased growth. However, as wil l be seen, the sustainability of this economic growth is in question and problems were only narrowly avoided by the development of service-led industries in the 1990s. Following the Second World War, new financial institutions were created in Australia to attempt to alleviate the troubles from before the 1940s. Before the First World War, the bulk of investment in Australia had come from private British Investors through specialised investment banks. However, by the 1930s, confidence had fallen and very little capital flowed into Australia leaving a dearth in investment. However, after 1945 the international price for primary products increased substantially setting the market-driven context for Australian growth. In 1945 Australia was not well integrated in the Asia-Pacific region, and this meant the country initially looked towards Britain and the USA in the first instance. However, after achieving independence in 1952, Japanese industrial output increased, as a result of it holding a significant amount of manufacturing capability as a result of its output during the war. This provided Australia with a significantly closer market for its raw mate rials and thus helped fuel the continued development of its mining and refining industries. International capital was at its highest, the population influx provided a burgeoning increase in the market and the stage appeared to be set for continued and sustained economic growth. The difficult with establishing the success of Australian economic growth tends to lie with the contrast of the enormous success of the initial years with the steady decline of later years. Not only did the real economic growth of Australia steadily decline, from 6.4% in 1950-4 to 2.6% in 1875-79, its share of World economic growth steadily declined in this period. Australias share of World Trade declined throughout this period from 2.8% in 1950 to 1.5% in 1972. This suggested that the foundation of the long boom was unsustainable in the long run. It has been argued that smaller countries need to rely heavily on a balance of trade, and Australia is the only small economy in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that is not a heavy trader and in fact is the third most closed economy. There was a decline in investment in Australian manufacturing in the late 1960s, and the share of total employment fell from 22.8% in 1974 to 17.8%. In the early 1990s, Austral ia experienced a recession with 11% unemployment. From the criteria that successful industrialisation should lay the foundation for sustained growth in the future, or at least relative sustained growth (i.e. increased growth relative to other countries), the Australian industrialisation has not been particularly successful. The reconstruction of the international economy following the 25 years after 1945 provided an important stimulus to economic growth that many nations took advantage of. Australia responded by undergoing a significant industrial revolution. However, it only held a relative advantage that gave it a great starting point. Increased migration, improved infrastructure and inflows of foreign development led to a vast increase in industrial output both in the supply of raw materials and in the creation of a manufacturing base in the country. However, the growth was not sustained and was reliant upon other countries sustaining their imports of Australian goods which was a poor foundation as was exposed after 1973. Nevertheless, Australia had created a secure welfare state, sustained an increased immigration policy and was able to adapt to the challenges with which it was presented. The growth in service industries in the 1990s lay upon the basis of a strong industrial base, and thus it can ha rdly be said that industrialisation was in any way a disaster. Therefore it can be concluded that Australia was relatively successful in industrialising between 1950 and 1973 it was not as successful as it could have been when viewed retrospectively, but it certainly made itself into an industrialised nation with great prospects for sustaining economic growth into the future.

Cross Cultural Beliefs About the Afterlife Essay

Abstract A study of American undergraduates indicated that the beliefs about the nature of life after death were quite complicated. A 41-item questionnaire produced 12 independent groups of beliefs. Belief in an internal locus of control and that one’s life is owned by God were associated with a more positive view of the afterlife, as was being Roman Catholic rather than Protestant. The most common beliefs were that one is reunited with family and friends, that the afterlife is comforting, that there is Heaven and that the transition is peaceful, all believed by more than 90 percent of the students. The afterlife is an idea that the conscious or mind of a being continuous after physical death occurs. There are many different believes about how the afterlife will be and what effects that outcome. In many popular views, this continued existence often takes place in an immaterial or spiritual realm. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion. Deceased people are usually believed to go to a specific planet after death. Regardless of the lack of evidence that is typically believed to be determined by a God. This is based on their actions during physical life. In contrast, the term reincarnation refers to an afterlife in which only the â€Å"essence† of the being is preserved, and the â€Å"afterlife† is another life on Earth or possibly within the same universe. Lester, Aldrige, Aspenberg, Boyle, Radsniak, and Waldron (2001-2002) based their research proposal on what Flynn and Kunkel (1987) found. Flynn and Kunkel (1987) used data from about one thousand respondents in the 1983 from a General Social Survey to analyze beliefs that the people had for life after death. They found three groups of beliefs. One is Otherworldly: life of peace, tranquility, paradise of pleasure and delight, loving intellectual communication, union with god and reunion with loved ones. Worldly Rewards: life of intense action like it is here on earth but a paradise of pleasure and delight. The third group was No Rewards: life without many earthly joys, a pale, shadowy sort of life, spiritually involving mind and not the body. The researchers found that the type of belief held about life-after-death was related to social class, financial status, and a history of trauma. No recent studies were identified on this issue until Lester et al. (2001-2002). The designing of this study was made to explore and expand the beliefs that people held about life-after-death. They used a 21-item questionnaire of the concepts of the afterlife. In the first method the questionnaire was given to 50 students who were enrolled in social science undergraduate courses. The mean age was 23.8 years old and the participants were mainly white. In the first method nine factors ever extracted about beliefs about afterlife. There were three major findings from the research that was obtained. One was that 19.8 percent accounted for that the life is much like the life on earth. There is a good and an evil. Not everyone is equal and that there are material objects in the afterlife. 13.4 percent accounted for that the cause of death, rituals carried out for you, the physical and psychotically state at death has an effect on how the afterlife would be. Lastly 8.5 percent accounted for the belief that the afterlife is a specific place, there is a day of judgment, and there is eternal bliss and that that is the final destinations. The second method was designed to enlarge properties, increase sample size and explore other personality correlates of beliefs, specifically belief on external locus of control. The research study consisted of 152 male and180 female participants who were undergraduate students from the same state college as the participants in the first method. The second method was expanded into a 41-item questionnaire. The mean age in the second method was 22.5 years old and the participants were mainly white. In this method twelve factors were identified about beliefs about afterlife. Three of the major factors were that 12.1 percent believe in Heave and Hell. 7.9 percent believe in reincarnation and 6.6 percent believed that there ate material objects and sexual desire in the after life. The gender differences that were found are that men are not less likely to believe in afterlife but they were less likely to believe in Heaven, reuniting with loved ones, communication with the living and request for forgiveness before death. Men were more likely the women to believe that there are material objects, that spirits have human form, that there is pain, hunger, thirst and that rituals carried out after death are important. The religious differences they found were that Protestant students were less likely to believe in life-after-death then Roman Catholic students. On the other hand, Protestant students were more likely to believe that there is Hell and that forgiveness needs to be requested to get into Heaven.One of the strengths that this article has is that they provided a broad hypothesis. It was not specific and that gave them more room to play around with how they want to test the beliefs on life-after-death. They basically just wanted to explore from what was found in previous search on the afterlife and find more detailed data. Another strengths in this article were the specific questions that the participants were asked about their beliefs in the afterlife. The researchers made the questions into simple yes or no answer kinds. This made it easier for the participants to answer what they believe in about the afterlife and it also made it easier and clearer for the researchers to extract the exact data that they were looking for. Also the researchers conducted two methods. There were extra questions that were added also. This helped the researchers find other specific beliefs. Overall, having two methods gives a better view of what data is best to keep and present. The first weakness of this article is that the date was only consumed from one specific university. This has a major limit on how this data will be taken into account by others. When data is taken only from one part of he country it limits how credible the findings are and how they can be used in future research. Another weakness is that the researchers only conducted a questionnaire in their method to finding data on beliefs about the afterlife. Another weakness is that the sample size was small in the first method. It may be hard to compare data between method one and method two because they have significant difference in sample size. Lastly, a major weakness would be the data expenditure of only undergraduate students with mean ages of 23.8 and 22.5 within the two methods verses consuming data from many different age groups. Cross-cultural research on beliefs about the afterlife is one of the major directions that can be taken with this research topic just as it was done by: Ambwani, Warren, Gleaves, Benito and Fernandez (2007) in their research on fear of fatness across the world. The data they conducted showed differences in beliefs on what body shape is socially acceptable in the United Sates verses Spain. There are so many different religions, cultures and individual beliefs regarding how life should be lived and what will come out of that. Some religions do not believe in the afterlife at all and some believe that this life is just a test for what will be the ever-lasting life after death. These differences need to be taken into considerations and research on more to further our understanding about all the cultures in our environments. Another future directions that can be taken with beliefs about the afterlife can be of great importance to the medical fields in research. Patients that have experienced trauma in their lives may have very important data that can help understand why people may have the different thoughts and beliefs about how the afterlife will and what will be in it. Research Purpose Cross-cultural Research would be a key direction to take beliefs about afterlife on. This would assess the differences in beliefs about afterlife beyond America. Cross-cultural research is beneficial because it covers a much wider range of variations in cultural activities then other studies that are based on single societies. For this particular subject on afterlife a comparison between America and Croatia will be done. The cultural differences about what beliefs individuals hold will be taken. The purpose is to show how different cultures may have different dynamics in how they believe their life had effected the belief they hold on afterlife. Croatians compared to Americans on average will believe in afterlife more. Another proposal is to test participants that have experienced trauma verses participants that have not experienced trauma. This would show how experience of trauma can affect a person view on life and how they may feel about afterlife. For this particular research it would show the difference been the two countries and between experience with trauma and experience with no trauma. On average participants that have experienced trauma will have a greater belief in afterlife verses participants with no experience with trauma. Research Methods The budget for this research proposal is 12,000.00 dollars. There are 400 participants to which 20.00-dollar Starbucks gift card will be given. That is 400Ãâ€"20, which equals 8,000.00 dollars. The money for the Starbucks gift cards will be transferred from here to Zagreb Croatia trough Bank of America free of charge. There are also four research assistants. Two native speaking Croatians that also speak English from the University of Zagreb and two Americans from Oakland University. Each of the assistants receive 1,000.00 dollars 4Ãâ€"1000, which equals to 4,000.00 for a total of 12,000.00-dollar research budget. The ideal characteristic for the participants in this research would be that they are college health college students that have a global point of view so that the date that will be collected from them is from a point of view that has seen more then just one way to live. The participants would also be ideal if they are completely honest about their answers since these are completely confidential items on the questionnaire. An equal amount of men and women would also be ideal. Although, that may be a difficult task it can be established by keeping track of how many men and women have come to take the online questionnaire. There will be 400 student participants will be chosen from America and Croatia. From America the participants will be gathered from Oakland University in Rochester Michigan and from Croatia the participants will be gathered from University of Zagreb in Zagreb. The participants will not be from a specific major study or group but randomly selected individuals. They will all be undergraduate students. There will be a total of 400 participants. Students will be split, 200 from Oakland University and 200 from University of Zagreb. The sampling methods will proceed in the fallowing order. The questionnaire will be taken online on a website make just for this research. The website that will be made by the Oakland Universities IT departments assistance free of charge. The online questionnaire will be taken individually in a room that will be provided for the research. This way the students do will feel more comfortable and less anxious about answering the questionnaire. There will be a research assistant present in that room during the time when participants take the online questionnaire to assist them of they have any questions about how to start the questionnaire and to assist them when they are done. After the participant completes the online questionnaire the research assistant will grant them with a twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. The Measurements will be done with the questionnaire from method two of the original research study. The questionnaire will be back translated to Croatian. Items 1 to 41 will aid in determine if the participants believe in afterlife and what specific facts they believe about afterlife. How will the afterlife be? What will be in the afterlife? These items are very specific and will with no trouble help distinguish between participants that believe in afterlife verses those participants that do not in America and Croatia and it will help find the specifics that participants believe in about afterlife. Items that do not pertain to research purposes will be taken out and replaced with more appropriate items for the research. The participants will be asked to report their age. Also other items will be added to the questionnaire to fit the need for data consumption for the research of effect of trauma on participants and their beliefs (see appendix 1 for questionnaire items). Items 42 to 55 have been added to assist in finding the right data that is needed. These specific items in the questionnaire will help determine what kind of traumatic even the participant has experienced. Do they believe this has changed how they think and feel the afterlife will be like? Also a consent form and confidentiality agreement will be given to participants to sign. The data analytic plan will consist of Two-way ANOVA. A Two-way ANOVA of variance is an extension to the one-way analysis of variance. There are two independent variables. Some of the assumptions for Two-way ANOVA are that the population from which the samples are obtained must be somewhat normally distributed. The sample must be independent. The variance of population must be equal and the groups must have the same sample size. The two independent variables in Two-way ANOVA are called factors. The idea is that there are two variable, factors, that effect the dependent variable. Each factor will have two or more factors within it. For this research study the two independent variables (factors) are American students and Croatian students. Each of the factors has two other factors in it. In this case study the participants with trauma versus participants with no trauma are the factors within the independent variable. When using Two-way ANOVA the main effect, interaction effect and within variation are also establish. The main effect involves the independent variable one at a time. The interaction effect is the effect one factor has on the other factor. Lastly the within effect is the sum of squared within each treatment group. Two-way ANOVA will provide all the necessary dynamics need to aid in this research in finding and separating the data. The research procedure will consist of the fallowing method to assemble the participants and obtain the data needed. Back-translate the original questionnaire to Croatian. Invite participants to take part in the study via email and announcements by the staff member that are chosen as assistants in this study to their students in class. As participants walk in they will be guided to a computer in the designated room to take the online questionnair. Before participants take the online questionnaire they will be asked to sign a consent and confidentiality form. After taking the online questionnaire participants will receive their twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. Then data will be collected and analyzed from America and Croatia. The significance of this research proposal is simply that it can be used in many ways for future research. This is simple because researching on culture always brings up interesting data apart from what the researches goal was to find in first place. However, to focus on the main significance of this research is health care. It is always the fasted growing field and the most advanced in technology but there is also always room for more improvement for people skills and knowledge about diversity. Being that America is the melting pot of the world, knowledge about cultural differences is always needed. This future direction can serve nurses and doctors and other medical professionals in understanding and communicating better with their patients. Since trauma is nothing new to the health care world it is a major fact that all health care professionals need to advance and keep getting educated about. Trauma has major effects on an individuals and it will have a major effect on what they believe after the traumatic experience. Some people may have come close to death in their traumatic experience. This might have taken them to the thought about what may be next? Is this it? These are just some of the questions people may wonder about. On the other hand people that have ever had major trauma may and may just have a broad belief about what they think the afterlife will be. Research on afterlife would benefit the medical fields in a great way. The nurses and other health care professionals would have a deeper understanding on what their patients that have chronic illnesses are feeling intrinsically. It would also give them a better chance of understanding different culture and know what the patient feels or does not feel comfortable with. This research can also benefit social worker and counselors and educators in connecting with their patients or students in a better way. Education about how traumatic experiences effect how people believe their afterlife will be can also be a factor of why they feel the way they do right now. This research will also open many more doors for future research on sub topics regarding afterlife and other interesting factors that may rise from this. Since there is not much research on afterlife this can be the icebreaker. References Ambwani, S., Warren, C., Gleaves, D., Benito, A., and Fernandez, M. (2008). Culture, Gender and Assesment of Fear of Fatness. European Journal of Psychological Assesment. 24, 81-87. Flynn, C. p., Kunkel, S. R. (1987). Deprivation, compensation, and conception of an afterlife. Sociological Analysis, 48, 58-72. Lester, D., Aldridge, M., Aspenberg, C., Boyle, K., Radsniak, P., and Waldron, C. (2002). What Is the Afterlife like? Undergraduates Believes about the Afterlife. Omega Center for the Study of Sluiced. 44, 113-126.

Persuasive Nursing Essay Topics Explained

Persuasive Nursing Essay Topics Explained Though your interest in an alternate technique of treatment might be justified, and you may actually be quite knowledgeable concerning the subject, the place to deal with that isn't in a normal nursing class. If you can select the problem all on your own, it's possible to think of the issue of interest! Since you can see, lots of the topics listed are new and deal with the present issues happening in the World today. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied upon in order to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be cautious in selecting one. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. Argue that public higher education has to be free for everybody. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the dearth of appropriate understanding. Many students think that it is a waste of time. What You Need to Do About Persuasive Nursing Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Nine Minutes When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument you could really get behind. When you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. There are several persuasive essay topics to pick from to finish your high school or college assignment. You may discover something that you can use, or something you are able to adapt for the particular guidelines of your paper. You should understand that ordering your article doesn't mean you're a lousy student. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. Look around you and you'll note a type of persuasion or the other. One other important component when picking a persuasive speech topic is to select a topic that may provoke your audience a little. The point is that you would like to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, and that means you'll absolutely want to choose a topic that you're passionate about and something which you'll become excited about researching and writing. Whatever the case, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is very close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, rather than just picking a random topic. So, the best method to compose an amazing persuasive essay is to discover a theme you're familiarized with and would like to share your experience with the reader. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. At precisely the same time, it's a wonderful persuasive essay idea. It will be simpler that you compose a superior persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. As any guide on how best to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Begin with general subjects that you are conversant with then narrow down to a certain topic. Possessing great research abilities and selecting a great topic is critical. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Professors see hundreds of papers a calendar year, so they are conversant with the simplest or most intriguing topics. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. Even a student can begin a business online. Top Persuasive Nursing Essay Topics Secrets Every argumentative essay ought to have an opposing view which can help you to prove you're right. Medication for general use shouldn't be protected for 20 decades. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. Problems connected with drugs are quite contradictive.

Glass Ceiling in the Australian Work Force - 1506 Words

Glass ceiling in the Australian work force is still an issue in today’s society. I will demonstrate how stereotyping affects males’ perception of women and how it affects women’s perception of gender roles, which supports the concept, that glass ceiling still exists. Stereotyping is to believe that, â€Å"all people or things with similar characteristics are the same,† (â€Å"stereotype†, 2014). The term glass ceiling refers to the invisible barriers that prevent women from succeeding and moving up the metaphoric ladder in the corporate world. Women are perceived as a minority in the workforce, they are aware of the occupational advances, but find them difficult to achieve due to prejudice, (Weir, 2004). Feminism is defined as the social movements†¦show more content†¦Businesses should see a women’s caring nature as an attribute to their business and adapt their business to become more appealing to a wider audience. Studies have shown that companies that promote gender equality are more productive, holistic, competitive and higher educated, (Workplace Gender Equality Agency [WGEA], 2014). Stereotyping affects women’s perception of gender roles and supports the concept that glass ceiling still exists. The main stakeholder in the issue of glass ceiling in the work force, are the women themselves. Feminism is a word used to describe individuals who express a different view in gender equity, and desire to make changes in society’s perception of women. In history we have seen many forms of feminism, in 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft led the early liberal feminist movement, which raised awareness of the inequity of women. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote that everybody should have the right to self-determination, â€Å"that is the reasoning by which liberal enlightenment thought opposed the divine rights of the kings and aristocracies should be used against the divine right of the husbands and women’s obedience to men,† (Bowden Mummery, 2009). The Feminist movements began in Australia in 1827 with riots in Parramatta Sydney, over unfairShow MoreRelatedThe Th eory Of The Glass Ceiling Metaphor Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesTheoretical perspectives Several theories have been utilized to guide research exploring the glass ceiling metaphor. The social role theory explains the labor division between men and women and the difference in their leadership style (Sabharal, 2015). Men are regarded as more agentic- aggressive, dominant, and independent. Women behaviors are more communal- empathetic, nurturing and kind. 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Lack Of Mental Health Care - 2238 Words

In my lifetime, I have encountered many people who could have benefited with a greater availability of mental health care. By the time they were in high school, a lot of my friends had either PTSD, depression, anxiety, and the list goes on. Most of them could not afford to receive help, and a lot of them have attempted to take their lives away. Sure, there were school counselors, but their main focus is student’s schedules, not their student’s mental health. They were told that they have access to help, but the people that were there to help were unavailable. I believe if they were able to receive proper health care, they probably wouldn’t have had even attempted suicide, or harm their beautiful bodies. Thousands of people end up in the emergency room each year for some kind of injury that can be traced back to the individual’s mental health. These people are told that they should get help if it is a big problem in their life, but where should they turn? 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Brown Duquesne University Synthesis of Two Variables: Rural and Access to Mental Health Providers Research requires the nursing scientists to explore the context of problems encountered. In order to identify targeted directions to hone efforts researchers must first identify the variables to be studied. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the variables of Rural and Access to Mental Health Providers. Definition ofRead MoreInadequacy Of The United States Mental Health Care System1104 Words   |  5 PagesStates Mental Health Care System: Barriers to Care According to the World Health Organization, mental illness will affect approximately 25% of people at some point in their life (â€Å"WHO Qualityrights†, n.d.). Despite that, the current mental health care system in the United States is inadequate. Many aspects of the system need improving, especially the barriers to service. 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One of the barriers that prevents immigrants from seeking mental health services is language proficiency (Ohtani, Suzuki, Takeuchi, Ochida, 2015). Language barriers and their implications on mental health care will be reviewed. Brisset et al. (2013) highlights the importance of dialogue between the health care practitioner and the client receiving care. This inhibits the practitioner’s abilityRead MoreMental Health Care Disparities Among Minority Populations1434 Words   |  6 PagesMental Health Care Disparities in Minority Populations Erin Bertelson Denver School of Nursing Mental Health Care Disparities in Minority Populations Across the country, a steady increase has been noted in the number of patients presenting to emergency departments for psychiatric complaints (Zun, 2014). Patients also attempt to use their primary care doctors to treat their mental illnesses. 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There are not enough mental health care physicians in any givenRead MorePost Traumatic Stress1171 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: MENTAL HEALTH: THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE Running head: MENTAL HEALTH: THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE 2 African Americans living in urban, low-income, impoverished environments are at high risk for exposure to traumatic events, and have a potential prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to previous and repeated trauma exposure. African-Americans living in urban, low income communities with continuous exposure to community

Geography Pedestrian Survey Free Essays

For this survey, the whole class worked as a group. We started by being given a grided map of Halifax’s Central Business District and a small area surrounding it. Our teacher kept a copy of this as the master map. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography Pedestrian Survey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each square on the map could be identified like the one below. This made identification of points easy. On this map there were (number) points marked by dots (see above) in the Central Business District and beyond. These were then grouped together into groups of approximately seven. The class was then split into pairs, and each pair was then allocated one of the groups of dots. The reason for working in pairs is so that one person could time and one could count the people passing. It was also for safety reasons. Before we started the count, we worked out some rules or guidelines for the whole class to follow. These were to * To count all people that passed, including babies in prams. * To not count pets/ animals * To count everyone on ONE side of the road only, except in precinct locations where everyone in the precinct was counted. A time limit of 5 minutes per point was decided. Each pair then went to their separate points to start counting/ timing. My pair had 6 points to count, so for 3 points person A timed and person B counted, and for the other 3 points, person A counted and B timed. The timer was started at the same time as the other half of the pair began counting. Every person was recorded as a tally on a table like the one below. Each point was named as the grid reference of the square it was in. After 5 minutes the timer was stopped, and the tally totalled. This was repeated for all 6 points. After they had all been done, we reported back and recorded our results on the master map along with the rest of the groups’ results. We were all given a copy of this map so we had records for all the points surveyed. We used a tally to count al the pedestrians as it is easy to put a dash for every person and the results could be totalled quickly. This was especially useful in busy locations, where large groups of people were passing at once. We set the time limit because then the whole groups’ results would be done over that amount of time. The time limit was set as 5 minutes because this would give us a reasonable time to count for, and the results would not be too high or too low. Problems/ Anomalies Our particular pair did not encounter many problems, but many of the other groups did. The only problem we had that could have affected the results was that the point nearest the bus station could have been affected by buses coming in and out. At the time we counted there weren’t many buses, so the tally could have been higher at a different time of day. Here is a list of the problems encountered, as well as some other things that could have affected the survey in any way, and how I overcame them. * The weather, day of the week, date and time were recorded because any of these may have affected the survey. For example, the weather could affect the survey as if it was dry then there would be people outside than if it were raining. The day of the week could affect the survey because there would be a different number of people in town on weekdays than at weekends. The date was important, as there may be more people who would come into town at certain times of the year, for example at Christmas or at holiday seasons. The time of day could affect numbers of people if it was half day for example. Also the closing and opening times of shops must be taken into consideration. * In Halifax’s Central Business District there are changes being made, and new buildings being built which occasionally meant that all pedestrians had to walk on one side of the road. This would have affected the results. * A very similar problem was that where roads were being resurfaced or dug up, pedestrians also had to walk around these, creating a disruption in pedestrian flow. * One pair found that they were standing outside the entrance to an office at lunch- time, so large groups of workers created an unusually high pedestrian density. This was because the survey was conducted around lunch- time. If it had been carried out at a different time of day then this would not have been a problem. * There were often a lot of people on streets that were important routes (to the bus station for example) this could mean that high pedestrian densities were found in areas where the other predictions of Central Business District properties weren’t necessarily true. For example there may be poor shopping quality and a high pedestrian count if the road led to the Station. In this aspect the survey is flawed, but not many surveys are perfect. As so many points were done, one or two anomalies shouldn’t matter too much. * The master map that was used to share out the points and on which all our results were recorded hadn’t been photocopied very well. This meant that four points were presumed to be marks on the map and weren’t given to anyone to survey. These were F5, F7, F8 and F10. No results were got for these points, but a reasonable estimate can be made using the results form previous surveys carried out at similar times on the same day of the week by another class. I also looked at the points in neighbouring grid squares to try and make a reasonable estimate. When these were compared with the results from the other group, they were found to be very similar. Anomalies * At F5, there were 147 pedestrians counted. This is a very high number for an area not really close to the centre of Halifax’s Central Business District, or an area without department stores. This could have been because it is near Netto’s and a busy newsagents and crossroads. Other Possible Problems * Groups of school children or any other unusually large groups of people in quiet areas could be a problem. * If a pair were counting outside the theatre and a film had just finished or was just starting, then more people would be around and also on the streets leading to it, especially if it was a new or popular film. * Large sales at big shops (e.g. the ‘Next’ sale) often draw large crowds, and people will often queue to get in. This would also create pedestrian anomalies. Was The Survey Successful? These problems prove that the survey was not flawless but the results I got will give me an idea of pedestrian density in Halifax and where the busiest and most quiet areas are. I have covered everywhere in Halifax, but I don’t feel that this would be very reasonable. There are gaps in the survey, but it would take a very long time and a lot of people to do a more accurate survey, and I don’t think that the results I have would be further improved to make this worthwhile. I have enough data to be able to display in different ways and investigate further. In the next chapter I will start to evaluate these results and look for patterns and relationships. How Could the Survey Be Improved? The survey could have been improved by any of the following methods- * Counting at more points to get a more accurate result. * Repeating the survey at different times on different days, or at the same time on the same day a week later and comparing the results. If this was done, a more accurate picture could be seen, and anomalies more easily spotted. Land Use Survey To carry out this survey, I got a map of Halifax that was on a large enough scale to have every building in it’s Central Business District on it. I then thought of all the possible land uses of the buildings in the Central Business District and put them into groups of similar uses e.g. chain stores/ department stores. I then assigned a letter and colour to each of these groups. I gave each group a letter because this could be written onto the map when I was in Halifax and was easier than taking a lot of coloured pencils. I gave each a colour so that I could colour each shop when I got home to make the results clearer. I then went into Halifax to carry out the survey. To carry out this survey I took the map of Halifax ‘s Central Business District, the key and a pencil to mark the letter on each building. I started in one corner of Halifax and walked along every street, marking the buildings as I went. To do the whole of Halifax would have been unreasonable, so I decided to mark groups of similar buildings, even if there may have been the odd one which wasn’t in that category. I also went into the Tourist Information to find some more maps and information on Halifax. These helped me fill in any buildings that I had missed. Problems Here is a list of some of the problems that I encountered whilst carrying out the survey. * Some buildings had more than one use on different floors. In this case I recorded the most important use. In cases such as the Piece Hall, they were both classed as one type of shop, because most of the shops there are selling craft item or food. * The main problem I had was that Halifax is undergoing a lot of changes at the moment and a new set of shops was under construction in Woolshops. As the changes are very recent, none of the maps that I have show the new shops, and I had to either draw them in or colour the area as ‘under- construction’. By the time I have finished this project, the shops are likely to be finished, so it is possible that I can update the results then. * Some of the shops were so small that I couldn’t fit a letter on them. To overcome this problem, I grouped shops of similar types. Possible Problems * If the town had been any bigger, then survey would have been much more difficult to do, as it would take hours to do every single shop. Was the Survey Successful? I think that the methods I used worked well and using a map and finishing the survey at home saved time. As the point of the survey is to get a general pattern of where the different types of land use that occur in Halifax’s Central Business District, I don’t think that colouring every single building would have been necessary. Colouring in blocks of similar shops saved time, and though some areas may not have been strictly accurate, the general pattern will not be affected. The survey will help show patterns and groups of similar shops as well as where the main shopping areas are, and where the main business areas are. It should also be related to the Peak Land Value Intersection, but I will investigate this in the next chapter. How Could the Survey Be Improved? The survey could have been improved by any of the following measures- * I could have looked at every single shop- this would have been possible if lots of people did the survey together and put their results together. * A newer map would have created a more up-to-date result. * An even bigger scale map would let me write the names of the shops on, but this isn’t really necessary. Model Central Business District To start this survey, I firstly formulated some question to compare Halifax to a model Central Business District. I then got a map of Halifax and worked out where its centre was (See finding the centre of Halifax’s Central Business District) and then used a compass to draw concentric circles moving outwards from the centre of Halifax. I drew 6 circles at equal intervals to represent the zones of Halifax’s Central Business District and took this map into Halifax. Once in Halifax, I walked through each of the zones and answered the questions while I was there. I also used a map if I was unsure of any of the answers and this helped me when I was back at home. Every question was either a yes or no answer, so most of the time this wasn’t a problem. I started in the innermost zone and answered all the questions while I was there, before moving outwards and answering all the questions for the next zone and so on until I had covered most of the areas on my map. Problems There were some problems that I encountered whilst doing this survey. These were- * It was often quite difficult to tell exactly where the zones started and finished, and some zones included a lot of road and some didn’t contain any. * Some questions, like the one about building height, are affected by the fact that Halifax’s Central Business District buildings are protected. This is because they are of historical value and may mean that they aren’t very tall. This would not normally be the case in a Central Business District. * Parking is actually allowed in Halifax’s Central Business District but a lot of it is voucher parking. * Some questions were hard to answer; like ‘Wide range of shops?’ and ‘high pedestrian counts?’ because it was hard to tell where to put the boundaries between high and low pedestrian counts or high and low range of shops. * There are new shops being built at the moment, and it is likely that these will have a high shopping quality, but I can’t be sure unless I see them. * It was hard to define the centre of Halifax in the first place, so if it were moved, I would possibly get very different results. * The zones were hard to define in the first place- I was unsure whether to have them as circles, or try to define them by looking at the properties of the different areas and drawing on zones to suit them. Was the Survey Successful? I think that the survey was successful and that using a questionnaire was a good idea. It gave me enough information to be able to make a reasonable comparison in the next chapter. The zones are very hard to define, but I chose to put them at regular intervals, leading out from the centre of the Central Business District. The survey will also help me find patterns, like the land- use survey, and give me a good all round view of the properties of Halifax’s Central Business District. In the next chapter I will compare them to the properties of a model Central Business District and see how they relate to each other. How Could the Survey be Improved? The survey could possibly be improved by carrying out a more in-depth study of the position of the centre of the Central Business District. This would ensure that I got the positioning exactly right and zoning correct. This is the only way that I can think of to improve the survey. How to cite Geography Pedestrian Survey, Papers

Mass General Case free essay sample

1 . The primary challenges in improving operating processes in a health care environment, particularly Mass General Hospital, include maintaining quality care, finding ways to reduce costs without compromising patient services, maintaining quality of conformance, and creating an environment where all departments are working in conjunction of one another. Improving operating processes in a healthcare environment is an important objective and one which can bring many challenges. Hospitals need to assurance their patients that their care is the top riority and corners are not being cut in an effort to reduce costs. The challenge arises when finding ways to maintain the standard but reduce costs. Another challenge, once a process has been established, is making sure this product/service is being delivered according to the design specifications. This may be because of difficulties with inter-department communications, resistance to change, or support from employees. Without every stakeholder on the same page, improving an operating process is a challenge. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass General Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. In the case of Mass General Hospital, a care path can be described as an pplication of process management with optimal sequencing and timing of interventions by physicians, nurses, and other staff involved in a particular procedure. Its design is meant to minimize delays in processes and manage the quality with regards to standardizations of care processes. It is also used to minimize the variance from procedure to procedure and improve the outcomes of surgeries. Specific features that it provides is the ability to manage costs, create more efficient processes, improve communication between departments and staff, provides a eliable service for patients, and creates on average a quicker cycle time. With the many features and improvements it does create, there are a few things that it does not do. It does not always apply to all procedures and all patients. Some patients require more attention than others which may make them fall off the path. Also, there are no guarantees that the care path will be successful. This needs to be tested and have the flexibility to adapt to changes as needed. 3. Some common causes of extended stay for CABG patients at Mass General Hospital nclude lack of staff in the intensive care unit, the number of medical tests needed on patients that day before the surgery, and limited availability of beds at the recovery level in Ellison 8. Other causes are method of payment, level of complications from the procedure, amount of therapy needed, and social issues such as a patient not having someone to help them once they leave the hospital. A lack of weekend admissions to rehab facilities may also lead to increased hospital stays. 4. The first step the team took to develop the care path, and maybe the most critical, as to create a cross functional team. They assembled a diverse team from multiple departments including a cardiologist, a surgeon, and anesthesiologist, various residents, staff members from the intensive care and recovery unit, and other members ot the hospital statt While not all members ot the team nad as big a role, it was important to obtain information and feedback from all as they did not want to alienate any single department. It was also essential to include numerous departments because the success of this process required complete cooperation and understanding from everyone involved. Once a team has been formed, they would display a flow diagram of the current CABG surgery process and generate a list of problem areas where improvement was needed. They would also examine records of past patients to see why they had stayed in the hospital for the amount of time they had and look for ways to decrease it in future patients. The next step was to host weekly meetings designed to educate all team members and discuss the need for improvement in CABG surgeries. From these discussions team members would be free to express their ideas and issues they may have with the development. After all members were educated on the direction the hospital wanted the care path to go in, they would form several sub groups to discuss progress until all agree on one plan. The most important aspect to the team was that they all participated and were involved in its creation. It was not a sole decision by one member, it was collective. 5. A hazard of standardizing the process too rigorously is that they run the risk of affecting the whole process of the hospital. The current process, even though it may be more expensive, works and provides a good service and product. There are no uarantees that the care path will provide a better service or even match the current one so to change the process you run the risk of harming an already successful product. In addition to the possibility of harming the hospital, they also run the risk of harming the employees due to strictness of the standardization process. This strictness could affect the moral of employees who feel like their opinion or ideas to do matter. Since everything is done by the book and to a constant standard, this leaves no room for innovation from employees. They may feel like they are not as mportant as they once were. Another hazard of a rigorous standardization process is that it could lead to a misdiagnosis of ailments. Since physicians are held to a strict schedule, they may not have time to run all the tests they need, or wanted to, which are needed to identify all complications of patients. If this happens, patients lose confidence in the hospital and over time the reputation may decline. 6. There are some risks or negative effects of allowing too much freedom to customize the operating process as overall costs of the hospital may actually ncrease. This may because they have too much freedom to upgrade facilities, equipment, and services that go beyond the initial scope of the care path. Too much treedom may also lead to a decrease in communications and collaboration between different departments. Since the hospital would not force physicians to use a care path, the ones who did believed it was a better way to treat patients. If they were given too much freedom to customize the process, it may alienate the others who do not use them and create tension between departments. They slowly break way from the hospitals core values of working together for a common purpose and begin to implement their own values. 7. For a patient to experience the optimal care provided by the hospital, they would need to go through all steps of the care path to achieve this. The care path is designed somewhat like a line process where when a patient is cleared by one station they move on to the next. If they were to skip a step, they would not receive full attention and may not get the quality of care they want. Similar to line processes of manufactured goods, if a product were to miss a stage, the final product would not atch the quality of design in which it intended to be. It would lack the quality of conformance as it would not follow design specifications. Patients who do not follow the care path may not receive proper care and may have a bad experience. Not following the path may lead to increased recovery times, increased costs, and delays at each stage of the care path. Not following the designed path would create backups before stages which would not only affect that patients experience, but potentially the experience of other patients as well.